For those of you that
read my blog posts, you will know that I think Seneca’s Praemeditatio is quite
possibly the best philosophical piece I have ever seen written. See my blog
posted 28th Aug 2017 for the praemeditatio.
Today’s post is giving
you a look at another philosophical masterpiece. The guy that wrote it was
called Anicius Manlius Severinus Boethius, or Boethius for short. He wrote it
whilst in jail where he was awaiting execution for supposedly conspiring
against King Theodoric, the Ostrogoth, in the year 524 CE.
Before I give you the
philosophy piece, I thought it relevant to give you a little back story to
provide context to the piece. I often feel that unless you know someone a
little bit, you don’t really get the full impact of their thinking. If you
understand what was happening in their lives before, and during, the written
thought, it provides a much better image of the person, and therefore the
philosophical piece.
Boethius was a Roman
that came to prominence with his political career (he became famous as a
philosopher after he died), which was as a consul to King Theodoric, the
Ostrogoth from 510 until his execution in 524 CE. King Theodoric was in charge
of the ailing Western Roman empire, but he was essentially a puppet to Emperor Justin
I, who ruled from Constantinople, as part of the Eastern Roman empire.
Theodoric became King
of the Western Roman empire after defeating Odoacer in 493 CE. Theodoric was an
Ostrogoth (an Eastern Germanic people), that had established an empire north of
the Black Sea. After the death of Atilla the Hun in 450 CE they declared their
independence and then expanded their territory all the way into the Western
Roman empire by 493 CE.
Interestingly, in 484
CE there was a breach between the Eastern and Western Roman empires (known as
the Acacian schism). Therefore, when Theodoric defeated Odoacer he became the
ruler of the Western Roman empire; but this still resulted in him being
inferior to the true Emperor of the Roman empire, who ruled from
Constantinople. This meant that Theodoric was a King, not an Emperor, and was a
Viceroy of Emperor Justin I. But he still had an extreme amount of power and the Western Roman people accepted him as their King and ruler. Well as much as you can accept a barbarian invader as your ruler, that is.
This is important
because in 519 CE, the schism ended, and this threatened King Theodoric’s
position. The Western Roman people once again considered Emperor Justin I as
the one true ruler, and Theodoric was nothing more than a barbarian invader and
a heretic. Boethius was one of those Romans, and even though there is nothing
that I read suggesting Boethius was conspiring against Theodoric, he was in a
very difficult position. This is because Boethius was a Roman and Theodoric was
an Ostrogoth.
It was probably only a
matter of time before Romans in power under King Theodoric were rounded up and
killed, either by perceived legal avenues, or illegal means. Boethius was
arrested, condemned and exiled to Pavia. Whilst he was in prison awaiting his
execution, he had time to think, and he wrote “The Consolation of Philosophy”.
It is a philosophical masterpiece, which is fascinating in itself, because
Christianity was considered to be the official state doctrine, with the Pagan
God’s all but banished. What makes this interesting is that Boethius chose
philosophy over theology at his greatest time of need, even though Boethius was a Christian.
The other intriguing
element to this is that Boethius rarely opposes Christian beliefs. This allowed
his writing to survive Christian discrimination (and elimination) so that we
have the opportunity, and pleasure, to read his masterpiece.
Boethius also targets
the Goddess Fortunata (or Fortune) to vent his frustrations and this makes for
compelling reading. The Goddess Fortunata was charged with providing people
with fortune, but this could be either good or bad. She didn’t have favourites
either so it didn’t matter how powerful you were, how famous, how special, she
could hand out good fortune or bad. Plus, she was happy enough to provide a
person with good fortune one day and then bad the next; or do the same for
entire communities of people. Even praying to her didn’t guarantee good fortune
indefinitely. Boethius essentially blames her for his imprisonment.
Whilst Boethius is in
jail he is visited by a woman, who was not actually real. His book is, in part,
a conversation between him and her. The following piece-de-resistance is one of
those situations. The person starting the conversation is the woman but she
quickly refers on to the Goddess Fortunata. I hope you enjoy:
‘I would like to continue our discussion a while by
using [the Goddess] Fortune’s own arguments, and I would like you to consider
whether her demands are just.
“Why do you burden me each day, mortal man,” she [Goddess
Fortunata] asks, “with your querulous accusations? What harm have I done you? What possessions of yours have I stolen?
“Choose any judge you like and sue me for possession
of wealth and rank, and if you can show that any part of these belongs by right
to any mortal man, I will willingly concede that what you are seeking to regain
really did belong to you.
“When nature brought you forth from your mother’s womb
I received you naked and devoid of everything and fed you from my own
resources. I was inclined to favour you, and I brought you up – and this is
what makes you lose patience with me – with a measure of indulgence,
surrounding you with all the splendour and affluence at my command.
Now I have decided to withdraw my hand. You have been
receiving a favour as one who has had the use of another’s possessions, and you
have no right to complain as if what you have lost was fully your own. You have
no cause to begin groaning at me: I have done you no violence.
Wealth, honours and the like are all under my
jurisdiction. They are my servants and know their mistress. When I come, they
come with me, and when I go, they leave as well. I can say with confidence that
if the things whose loss you are bemoaning were really yours, you could never
have lost them.
Surely I am not the only one to be denied the exercise
of my rights? The heavens are allowed to bring forth the bright daylight and
lay it to rest in the darkness of night: the year is allowed alternatively to
deck the face of the earth with fruit and flowers and to disfigure it with
cloud and cold. The sea is allowed either to be calm and inviting or to rage
with storm-driven breakers.
Shall man’s insatiable greed bind me to a constancy
which is alien to my ways? Inconstancy is my very essence; it is the game I
never cease to play as I turn my wheel in its ever changing circle, filled with
joy as I bring the top to the bottom and the bottom to the top. Yes, rise up on
my wheel if you like, but don’t count it an injury when by the same token you
begin to fall, as the rules of the game will require.”
I am keen to hear your thoughts.
Love and light to you all
David Hartmann
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